"Non nobis Domine, non nobis, sed tuo da gloriam nomini" (Vulgate, Psalm 113:9)
I-The need.
Until the early V will have some collections of biblical texts translated into Latin in the form of manuscripts. According to some scholars, many of these translations were prepared for use by the whole church, but ad hoc prepared for the use of local Christian communities and could not find consistency in translations. This collection of Latin translations of the Word of God is known as the Vetus Latina and were written in the most rancid and the same ancient Latin Augustine in "De Christian Doctrine (2.16)" regrets the abundance of existing solecisms anacolutha or , which obscured the interpretation of the text. Other scholars are inclined, however, to think that until then existed only translation known as the Itala, because, although it is considered that was developed in Africa in the second century was reviewed in Italy, hence its name. Whether there were many collections partial translations or one translation with many reviews that substantive changes, the truth is that there was not a reliable translation, but to a set of texts for copies and revisions, plus the inaccuracies own translation were corrupt.
A classic example is the following quotation from Psalm 122:6, the "Gallican Psalter, which is named that way because it was received in Gaul at the time of the Carolingian kings. The Latin translation of this psalm in the Psalter content is: Rogate quae ad pacem sunt Ierusalem, ie "Pray for those who are for the peace of Jerusalem." The version of the Vetus Latina tries to respect the order and the use of words in the original Greek of the Septuagint. By contrast, Jerome, later on original Hebrew texts, translates the verse cited as "Rogate Ierusalem pacem," ie, "Pray for the peace of Jerusalem."
II-La composition.
Due to the above problem, Pope Damasus I commissioned Jerome, in 382, \u200b\u200ba Latin translation corriente.Con the goal to make it more understandable and more accurate than its predecessors, Jerome translates the editio vulgata (common or popular edition ), taking its name This phrase is called Latin Vulgate.
Jerome's work began with the papal commission to revise the translation of the four Gospels using the best Greek texts, a task that on the death of Damasus I in 834, he had completed the details, but his company took over ambitious to extend to the translation of the entire Bible. Upon completion of the review of the four Gospels Jerome wrote:
"You force me to create a new work, an old, and at the same time act as an arbitrator on biblical examples, then these are widely distributed [at time] around the world, and where they differ, decide which are consistent with authentic Greek texts. It is a task that also requires such dedication loving, as dangerous and reckless, to judge others and be at the same time, under the trial of all; involved altering the language of an old man and return to the days of his early childhood , to a world already old. Even if only one is found, whether instructed or not, but not loudly call me a forger and a sacrilege, because I had the audacity to add, change or correct in the old books [Latino], just take in your hand this take [the revision of the Gospels], and discover, what we read, that is not in the taste of that, who ever treated? Two considerations however, that comfort me and make me carry this hatred: first, that you, in precedence over all other bishops, has commanded me to do this, and secondly, as they also have to confirm my detractors, who types of readings that differ, it is difficult to find the truth. If you have to have confidence in the Latin texts, then they should say which ones? Having almost as many ways as copies of texts. If you want to determine the valid text, from the comparison of several, why not return to the original Greek texts and correct, according to these, all the mistakes?, "If you go back to translators or whether it is irresponsible of them as amended for the worst or critical text bold but incompetent or simply copying additions or changes inattentive? ... I speak now of the New Testament: ... Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, they were retouched by us after the comparison with Greek texts manuscripts - a certain former. But to avoid too large deviations statement as Latin is used in the readings, we have maintained our pens correct restrained and only there, where it seems to appear variations in meaning, while everything else we missed, as was " (Preamble to the New Testament, quoted by AM Ritter, Kirchen-und Theologiegeschichte in Quellen, vol 1 p. 181)
order of Augustine, Jerome, in spite of himself, had to include in its translation Deuterocanonical books. Having knowledge of the Hebrew canon, Jerome knew that these books not considered inspired and believed that they were not included in the Bible as part of the Word of God, even though it was forced to do so and Deuterocanonical became part of the Latin Vulgate.
III-Conservation. Today
survive a number of early manuscripts of the Vulgate Editio, of which Amiatinus codex dating from the eighth century is the oldest complete manuscript. During the Middle Ages, the Vulgate was the victim of inevitable errors introduced because of the copies made in monasteries across Europe, also introduced, together with the text of Jerome, his predecessor texts Vetus Latina, and marginal notes which were interpolated incorrectly to the text during the copies. Thus comparing the existing copies could be found substantial differences between them and the Vulgate lost its integrity.
About the year 550, Casidoro made the first attempt to restore the Vulgate to its original purity. Alcuin of York also oversaw and directed efforts to copy a restored version of the Vulgate, which he presented to Calomagno at 801. Before the advent the press, human errors were reduced and increased consistency and uniformity.
IV-importance.
The Latin Vulgate was the first major Western translation of the Word of God and the first effort to bring the Word of God to the people. As its name implies, the Vulgate Bible meant to be a common language of the people, merit notable and praiseworthy. Despite its undeniable errors, the influence of the Septuagint and its subsequent loss of purity, the dedication of Jerome and his effort to nurture their version of the original Hebrew are impressive. The issue for the town soon became widely accepted and its use became widespread, hence the great importance it attaches.
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